Features of active and passive joints mobility of skiers and skaters athletes

Introduction. In the vast majority of sports, joint mobility is a necessary basis for effective technical self-improvement. Insufficient mobility of joints sharply complicates and slows down the process of motor skills mastering, and some of it (mainly the key components of an effective technique for performing competitive exercises) cannot be mastered.
Aim of the study is to reveal the features of the active and passive mobility of extremities joints in skiers and skaters athletes.
Materials and methods. The study involved 46 athletes, including 27 skiers and 19 skaters. The inclusion criteria for the study were: age 18–24 years; lack of complaints from the musculoskeletal system; experience of constant sports activities for at least 2 years; absence of competitive practice during the research period. The protocol for the study of the joint mobility included 5 types of active and passive movements, the values of which were expressed in angular degrees: flexion and extension in the wrist joint, flexion in the knee joint, plantar flexion and dorsal extension in the ankle joint. The range of motion (both active and passive) in the joints was measured in both limbs using a goniometer.
Results. In all the examined joints of all studied subjects, the volume of passive movements statistically significantly exceeded the volume of active ones (p<0,05). Among athletes-skiers, the greatest differences were observed in the ankle joint during dorsal extension (29,4 %), and the smallest — in the knee joint (14,1 %). In the group of skaters, the smallest difference between passive and active mobility was recorded in the ankle joints — with plantar flexion (8,1 %). The maximum differences in passive and active performance of movements were found in the wrist joint — in flexion (29,4 %). Correlation analysis according to Spearman showed strong and moderate negative associations between active mobility and differences in active and passive movements.
Conclusion. The amount of passive mobility in the joints always exceeds the amplitude of active movements. This creates the prerequisites for the development of active mobility at the expense of the reserve. This reserve in each joint has its own value and decreases with increased load on the joint, therefore, for different sports, the indicators of the reserve of mobility in the same joints differ due to the movements stereotyped for each sport. The maximum difference in active and passive movements is in the joints with the least load in the training process of athletes of a certain specialization. A decrease in the reserve of mobility increases the risk of injury and disrupts the athlete′s work capacity. Accordingly, the knee joints are the most vulnerable in skiers, and the ankle joints in skaters.

1. Карпушин Б. А. Педагогика физической культуры. М.: Сов. спорт; 2013; 303 с. [Karpushin B. A. Physical education pedagogy. M.: Sov. sport; 2013; 303 p. (in russ.)].

2. Доленко Ф. Л. Спорт и суставы. М.: Физкультура и Спорт; 2005; 288 с. [Dolenko F. L. Sports and joints. M.: Physical culture and Sport; 2005; 288 p. (in russ.)].

3. Дегтева Я. А. Средства и методы развития гибкости // В сб.: Научное сообщество студентов XXI столетия. Гуманитарные науки: Материалы XXXVII Международной студенческой научно-практической конференции. М.; 2015; 10 (37). [Degteva Ya. A. Means and methods of developing of fl exibility // In: Scientifi c community of students of the XXI century. Humanities: Materials of the XXXVII International Student Scientifi c and Practical Conference. M.: 2015; 10 (37) (in russ.)].

4. Dischler J. D., Baumer T. G., Finkelstein E., Siegal D. S., Bey M. J. Association Between Years of Competition and Shoulder Function in Collegiate Swimmers. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 2017; 10 (2): 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738117726771

5. Битхем У. П., Паллей Г. Ф., Слакамб Ч. Х., Уивер У. Ф. Клиническое исследование суставов. М.: Медицина; 1970; 188 с. [Bitkhem U. P., Palley G. F., Slakamb Ch. Kh., Uiver U. F. Clinical Examination of Joints. M.: Medicine; 1970; 188 р. (in russ.)].

6. Реброва О. Ю. Статистический анализ медицинских данных. Применение пакета прикладных программ STATISTICA. М.: МедиаСфера; 2002; 312 с. [Rebrova O. Yu. Statistical analysis of medical data. Application of the STATISTICA application package. M.: MediaSphera; 2002; 312 p. (in russ.)].

7. Постникова А. Д., Потехина Ю. П., Курникова А. А., Трегубова Е. С., Мохов Д. Е. Особенности подвижности суставов у спортсменов лыжников и конькобежцев. Человек. Спорт. Медицина. 2019; 19 (1): 29–35. [Postnikova A. D., Potekhina Yu. P., Kurnikova A. A., Tregubova E. S., Mokhov D. E. Features of joint mobility in skiers and skaters. Human. Sport. Medicine. 2019; 19 (1): 29–35 (in russ.)]. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm190104

8. Зайцева Т. В., Шутьева Е. Ю. Развитие гибкости у студентов посредством физических упражнений. Научно-методический электронный журнал «Концепт». 2016; (1): 81–85. Ссылка активна на 05.10.2021. [Zaitseva T. V., Shutyeva E. Yu. The development of fl exibility in students through physical exercises. Scientifi c-methodical electronic journal «Koncept». 2016; (1): 81–85. Accessed October 05, 2021 (in russ.)]. https://e-koncept.ru/2016/16017.htm

9. Потехина Ю. П., Курникова А. А., Даутов Д. Р., Постникова А. Д., Новгородский К. Е. Факторы, влияющие на подвижность суставов. Российский остеопатический журнал. 2018; 3–4 (42–43): 107–118. [Potekhina Yu. P., Kurnikova A. A., Dautov D. R., Postnikova A. D., Novgorodskij K. E. Factors affecting joint mobility. Russian Osteopathic Journal. 2018; 3–4 (42–43): 107–118 (in russ.)]. https://doi.org/10.32885/2220-0975-2018-3-4-107-118

10. Житницкий Р. Е., Серебренникова Л. Г. Микротравматическая болезнь опорно-двигательного аппарата. Опыт лечения антигомотоксической терапией. Acta Biomed. Scient. 2006; 4 (50): 100–103. [Zhitnitsky R. E., Serebrennikova L. G. Microtraumatic disease of musculoskeletal system. Experience of antihomotoxic therapy. Acta Biomed. Scient. 2006; 4 (50): 100–103 (in russ.)].

11. Мельничук К. Н. Анализ проблемы травм и заболеваний опорно-двигательного аппарат у теннисистов. Учен. записки Университета им. П. Ф. Лесгафта. 2015; 3 (121): 64–80. [Melnichuk K. N. Analysis of the problem of injuries and diseases of locomotor system among the tennis players. Uchen. zapiski Universiteta im. P. F. Lesgafta. 2015; 3 (212): 64–80 (in russ.)]. https://doi.org/10.5930/issn.1994-4683.2015.03.121.p64-68

12. Граевская Н. Д., Долматова Т. И. Спортивная медицина. Курс лекций и практические занятия. М.: Сов. спорт; 2004; 196 с. [Graevskaya N. D., Dolmatova T. I. Sports medicine. A course of lectures and practical exercises. M.: Sov. sport; 2004; 196 p. (in russ.)].

13. Физическое воспитание / Под ред. В. А. Головина и др. М.: Высшая школа; 2011; 262 с. [Physical education / Eds. V. A. Golovin et al. M.: Higher school; 2011; 262 p. (in russ.)].

14. Mitchell J., Graham W., Best T. M., Collins C., Currie D. W., Comstock R. D., Flanigan D. C. Epidemiology of meniscal injuries in US high school athletes between 2007 and 2013. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 2016; 24 (3): 715–722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3814-2

15. Bozic P. R., Pazin N. R., Berjan B. B., Planic N. M., Cuk I. D. Evaluation of the fi eld tests of fl exibility of the lower extremity reliability and the concurrent and factorial validity. J. Strength. Cond. Res. 2010; 24 (9): 2523–2531. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181def5e4