rojournalРоссийский остеопатический журналRussian Osteopathic Journal2220-09752949-3064All-Russian Public Organization «Russian Osteopathic Association» (ROsA)10.32885/2220-0975-2024-1-106-117rojournal-542Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSВлияние профессиональной спортивной деятельности на минеральную плотность кости (обзор литературы)Influence of professional sports activities on bone mineral density (literature review)НикитинаК. И.NikitinaK. I.

Никитина Ксения Игоревна - врач-эндокринолог.

111123, Москва, шоссе Энтузиастов, д. 86

Ksenia I. Nikitina – endocrinologist, Mammological Center (Women′s Health Clinic) of the Moscow Clinical Scientific Center named after A.S. Loginova.

bld. 86 Entuziastov road, Moscow, 111123

ВыходецИ. Т.VykhodetsI. T.

Выходец Игорь Трифанович - канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры реабилитации, спортивной медицины и физической культуры.

117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1

Igor T. Vykhodets - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine and Physical Education, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.

bld. 1 ul. Ostrovityanova, Moscow, 117997

АбрамоваТ. Ф.AbramovaT. F.

Абрамова Тамара Федоровна - докт. биол. наук, начальник лаборатории проблем комплексного сопровождения подготовки спортсменов.

105005, Москва, Елизаветинский пер., д. 10, стр. 1

Tamara F. Abramova - Doct. Sci. (Biol.), Head of the Laboratory for the Problems of Comprehensive Support in the Training of Athletes, Federal Scientific Center of Physical Culture and Sports.

bld. 10/1 Elizavetinskiy lane, Moscow, 105005

НикитинаТ. М.NikitinaT. M.

Никитина Татьяна Михайловна - канд. педагог. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории проблем комплексного сопровождения подготовки спортсменов.

105005, Москва, Елизаветинский пер., д. 10, стр. 1

Tatyana M. Nikitina - Cand. Sci. (Ped.), Leading Researcher of the Laboratory for the Problems of Comprehensive Support in the Training of Athletes, Federal Scientific Center of Physical Culture and Sports.

bld. 10/1 Elizavetinskiy lane, Moscow, 105005

nikitina.t.m@vniifk.ruМаммологический центр (клиника женского здоровья) Московского клинического научного центра им. А.С. ЛогиноваРоссияMammological Center (Women′s Health Clinic) Moscow Clinical Scientific Center named after A.S. LoginovaRussian FederationРоссийский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. ПироговаРоссияPirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityRussian FederationФедеральный научный центр физической культуры и спортаРоссияFederal Scientific Center of Physical Culture and SportsRussian Federation20242603202401106117Copyright © Никитина К.И., Выходец И.Т., Абрамова Т.Ф., Никитина Т.М., 20242024Никитина К.И., Выходец И.Т., Абрамова Т.Ф., Никитина Т.М.Nikitina K.I., Vykhodets I.T., Abramova T.F., Nikitina T.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://rojournal.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/542Введение

Введение. Положительное действие физической активности на состояние кости доказано многими исследователями. Профессиональная спортивная деятельность является моделью постоянного воздействия физической нагрузки на организм, выступая мощнейшим механизмом активации и мобилизации функциональных резервов спортсмена. Это на фоне прогрессивного увеличения объема, интенсивности и длительности воздействия проявляется увеличением случаев травматизма и стрессовых переломов, одной из ведущих причин которых является снижение минеральной плотности кости (МПК) вплоть до развития остеопороза.

Цель исследования — анализ современных научных публикаций, посвященных влиянию профессиональной спортивной деятельности на состояние МПК.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Обзор сделан на основе публикаций баз данных PubMed, Google Scholar, Cyberleninka, eLIBRARY. Предпочтение отдавали статьям, опубликованным в реферируемых источниках за последние 10 лет.

Результаты

Результаты. Специфика основного соревновательного упражнения определяет асимметрию в распределении МПК у спортсменов, кроме того, уровень МПК выше в ведущей конечности по сравнению с противоположной. Повышение квалификации, стажа и возраста спортсмена показывает положительное влияние на показатели МПК, за исключением определённых специализаций. Отмечено различное влияние видов спорта на состояние МПК с высоким остеогенным эффектом ударной и весовой нагрузки по сравнению с общей популяцией. Спортсмены единоборств, силовых и игровых видов спорта отличаются более высоким уровнем МПК по сравнению с представителями велоспорта, плавания, гребли, триатлона и бега на длинные дистанции, характеризующихся ограничением гравитационной нагрузки или большим объемом тренировочного воздействия низкой интенсивности. Сниженные показатели МПК отмечены у спортсменов спортивных специализаций с весовыми категориями, эстетических и циклических видов спорта, где актуальна проблема относительного дефицита энергии, что отражается негативно на костном метаболизме.

Заключение

Заключение. У спортсменов объем и интенсивность тренировочных нагрузок, стереотип выполнения основного соревновательного упражнения, суточный баланс поступления энергии оказывают прямое влияние на формирование МПК с выделением групп риска по патологии опорно-двигательного аппарата в спорте высших достижений.

Introduction

Introduction. The positive effect of physical activity on the state of bone has been proven by many researchers. Professional sports activity is a model of the constant impact of physical activity on the human body, acting as the most powerful mechanism for activating and mobilizing the functional reserves of an athlete, which, against the background of a progressive increase in the volume, intensity and duration of exposure, shows an increase in the incidence of injuries and stress fractures, one of the leading causes of which is a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) up to the development of osteoporosis. The risk factors for the development of the pathology of the musculoskeletal system, which have a direct impact on the formation of the BMD, in elite sports include the volume and intensity of training loads, the stereotype of the main competitive exercise, the daily balance of energy intake.

The aim is to study is to analyze modern scientific publications on the impact of professional sports activities on bone mineral density.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. The review is based on publications from the PubMed, Google Scholar, Cyberleninka, eLIBRARY databases. Preference was given to articles published in refereed sources over the past 10 years.

Results

Results. The specificity of the main competitive exercise determines the presence of asymmetry in the distribution of the BMD in athletes, in addition, the level of BMD is higher in the leading limb compared to the opposite. Increasing the qualifications, experience and age of an athlete shows a positive impact on the performance of the BMD, with the exception of certain specializations. A different effect of sports with a high osteogenic effect of shock and weight load on the state of the BMD was noted compared to the general population. Power athletes, combat and game sports athletes have higher levels BMD compared to representatives of cycling, swimming, rowing, triathlon and long-distance running, characterized by the limitation of gravitational (shock) load or a large amount of low-intensity training exposure. Lower BMD were noted in athletes in sports specializations with weight categories, aesthetic and cyclic sports, where the problem of a relative energy deficiency in sport, which negatively affects bone metabolism.

Conclusions

Conclusions. In athletes, the volume and intensity of training loads, the stereotype of performing the main competitive exercise, the daily balance of energy intake have a direct impact on the formation of the BMD with the allocation of risk groups for the pathology of the musculoskeletal system in elite sports.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.